{"id":95,"date":"2023-10-21T19:38:56","date_gmt":"2023-10-21T19:38:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/?p=95"},"modified":"2023-10-21T19:38:59","modified_gmt":"2023-10-21T19:38:59","slug":"yarasalar-dunyayi-nasil-algilar-bilinc-ve-ekolokasyon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/21\/yarasalar-dunyayi-nasil-algilar-bilinc-ve-ekolokasyon\/","title":{"rendered":"Yarasalar D\u00fcnyay\u0131 Nas\u0131l Alg\u0131lar? Bilin\u00e7 ve Ekolokasyon"},"content":{"rendered":"

Son g\u00fcnlerde ad\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a duydu\u011fumuz bir memeli t\u00fcr\u00fc olan yarasalar\u0131n \u00e7evrelerini alg\u0131lamas\u0131 birka\u00e7 memeli ile benzer olsa da di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerden biraz ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. Ekolokasyon veya biyosonar ad\u0131 verilen bu y\u00f6ntem ile yarasalar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve hayvanlar\u0131n bilinci var m\u0131d\u0131r sorusu \u00fczerine bir analiz yapaca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>

Yarasalar, \u00f6nayaklar\u0131 kanat olarak uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve u\u00e7abilen\u00a0Chiroptera<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0tak\u0131m\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lan memelilerdir. \u00dczerleri zar ve patagium ile kapl\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun ve yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f parmaklar\u0131yla ku\u015flardan daha kolay manevra yapabilerek u\u00e7abilirler. Ya\u015fayan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck memeli oldu\u011fu iddia edilen yabanar\u0131s\u0131 yarasas\u0131 29-32 mm boyunda, 15 cm. kanat a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip ve 2-2,6 gr. a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ndad\u0131r. En b\u00fcy\u00fck yarasalar da “u\u00e7an tilki” ad\u0131 verilen\u00a0Pteropu<\/em>s<\/strong>\u00a0cinsi yarasalard\u0131r ve\u00a0Acerodon Jubatus<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0t\u00fcr\u00fc 1,6 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r ve kanat a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1,7 m.’yi bulur. Kemiricilerden sonra memelilerin ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck tak\u0131m\u0131 olan yarasalar 1200’den fazla t\u00fcr\u00fc ile d\u00fcnyadaki memelilerin %20’sini olu\u015ftururlar. Yarasalar son zamanlarda bulunan kan\u0131tlar do\u011frultusunda tak\u0131m\u00a0Yinpterochiroptera<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0Yangochiroptera<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da geleneksel olarak ilk alt tak\u0131ma ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Meyve yiyen b\u00fcy\u00fck yarasalar ve ekolokasyon kullanan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yarasalar.<\/p>

Ekolokasyon <\/strong>(Echolocation) : <\/strong>Yarasa, yunus ve balina gibi baz\u0131 memelilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyolojik sonard\u0131r. Terimin ad\u0131, ekolokasyonun yarasalardaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayan Donald Griffin’<\/em><\/strong>dir.<\/p>

\"Donald<\/figure><\/div>

<\/p>

Donald Griffin, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcniversitelerde hayvan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, hayvan navigasyonu, akustik oryantasyon ve duyusal biyofizik konular\u0131nda seminal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarn Amerikal\u0131 bir zooloji profes\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. 1938’de Harvard \u00dcniversitesi’nde lisans e\u011fitimi al\u0131rken, 1944’te hayvan ekolokasyonu olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarasalar\u0131n seyir y\u00f6ntemini incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0“A possible window on the minds of animals”<\/strong>\u00a0isimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada hayvanlar\u0131n insanlar gibi\u00a0bilin\u00e7li\u00a0<\/strong>oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftur. <\/p>

Hayvan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten Griffin, 1978’de hayvanlar\u0131n nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yaparak\u00a0“bili\u015fsel etoloji”<\/strong>\u00a0(etoloji: hayvan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bir zooloji alt bilim dal\u0131<\/em>) alan\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Hayvanlar\u0131n sofistike yeteneklerini yiyecek toplama ve \u00e7evreleriyle etkile\u015fime girme konusundaki g\u00f6zlemleri, onu, hayvanlar\u0131n sadece kabul edilen otomaronlar de\u011fil, bilin\u00e7li varl\u0131klar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>

<\/p>

<\/p>

<\/p>

\"\u015eekil<\/a><\/figure><\/div>

Soldaki \u015fekilde (\u015eekil-1) g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere (A) Yarasalar ses sinyalleri yayar ve ortamlar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lamak i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nen yank\u0131lar\u0131 analiz eder. (B) Spreyrogram frekans\u0131 zaman g\u00f6sterimi, bir av maddesine yakla\u015fan bir yarasa taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan bir sinyal dizisini g\u00f6sterir. (C) Yarasalar ekolokasyon \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 uzaya y\u00f6nlendirebilir ve b\u00f6ylece duyusal akustik bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilir. (D) Farkl\u0131 habitatlarda yem yapan veya farkl\u0131 yemleme stratejileri kullanan yarasalar, farkl\u0131 eklokasyon sinyallerine dayanacakt\u0131r. Ekolokasyon hayvan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sesi kullanan bir aktif\u00a0sonar gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. <\/p>

Uzakl\u0131k sesin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla yank\u0131’n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en zamanla saptan\u0131r. Ekolokasyon yapan hayvanlar\u0131n iki kula\u011f\u0131 birbirinden hafif\u00e7e uzaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden yank\u0131, nesnenin pozisyonuna g\u00f6re iki kula\u011fa farkl\u0131 zamanlarda ve farkl\u0131 \u015fiddetlerde var\u0131r. S\u00fcre ve \u015fiddet fark\u0131 hayvan taraf\u0131ndan nesnenin pozisyonunu belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ekolokasyonla hayvan sadece uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil bi\u00e7im ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de saptayabilir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yarasalar ile b\u00fcy\u00fck yarasalar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 yank\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in ultrasonik ses yayarlar. Bu yank\u0131lar\u0131n ses \u015fiddeti subglottik bas\u0131nca ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00a0<\/p>

Darbe frekans\u0131n\u0131n oryantasyonunu kontrol eden yarasalar\u0131n krikotiroid kas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevi \u00f6nemlidir. Bu kas g\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7indedir ve ses \u00e7\u0131karmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilen tek tensor kast\u0131r. Giden darbelerle d\u00f6nen yank\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131yaslayarak beyin ve i\u015fitme sisnir sitemi yarasan\u0131n \u00e7evresinin detayl\u0131 imajlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretebilir. Bu \u015fekilde yarasalar karanl\u0131kta avlar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131p, yerini tespit eder ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rabilirler. Yarasa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 u\u00e7an hayvan seslerinin en y\u00fckseklerinden biridir ve \u015fiddeti 60 ila 140\u00a0desibel aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>

\"\u015eekil<\/figure>

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yarasalar\u00a0ultrasyon yaratmak i\u00e7in\u00a0g\u0131rtlaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r ve bunu a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131ndan, bazen de burunlar\u0131ndan yayarlar. Burundan yayma nalburunlu yarasalarda (Rhinolophus<\/em>\u00a0spp.) daha belirgindir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yarasa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n frekans\u0131 14.000\u00a0Hz’den 100.000\u00a0Hz.’in \u00fczerine kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilir ki insan duyma s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 20 ila 20.000\u00a0Hz. aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u015eekil 2’de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere; yarasa ekolokasyon prensibinde turuncu renk \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 ve ye\u015fil renk de yank\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>

\"No<\/figure><\/div>

<\/p>

Evreni seslerle alg\u0131layan yarasalar insan kaynakl\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcyle nas\u0131l ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor?<\/strong>\u00a0sorusu \u00fczerine Global Ecology and Conservation dergisinin Kas\u0131m 2014 say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re; ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kirlili\u011fine maruz kalan yarasalar\u0131n bu probleme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ses frekanslar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmekte buldu\u011fu sonucu elde edildi. ABD\u2019nde New Mexico\u2019nun yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki do\u011falgaz sahalar\u0131ndaki kompres\u00f6rler 365 g\u00fcn durmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar b\u00f6lgede iki ay boyunca Brezilyal\u0131 serbest kuyruklu yarasalar\u0131 izledi ve seslerini kaydetti. \u00d6ncelikle yarasalar b\u00f6lgede daha az g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ceklerin sesini dinleyerek avlanan yarasalar\u0131n performans\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Dahas\u0131, yarasalar\u0131n etkinlik seviyeleri g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc alanlarda y\u00fczde 70 oran\u0131nda azald\u0131. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yarasalar\u0131n ses kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda frekans seviyelerinin de normale g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi tespit edildi.<\/p>

<\/p>

<\/p>

\"No<\/figure><\/div>

Yuval Noah Harari\u00a0<\/strong>“Homo Deus<\/u><\/em>” isimli kitab\u0131nda yarasalardan \u015fu \u015fekilde bahseder; “Yarasalar d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ekolokasyon arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla alg\u0131larlar. \u0130nsan kula\u011f\u0131n\u0131n duyma aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tessinde, y\u00fcksek frekansl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar atan yarasalar, d\u00f6nen yans\u0131malar\u0131 yorumlayarak kendilerine bir d\u00fcnya resmederler. Resim o kadar detayl\u0131d\u0131r ki yarasalar \u00e7izdikleri tabloya bakarak a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n ya da binalar\u0131n etraf\u0131nda h\u0131zla u\u00e7abilir, gece kelebeklerini ve sivrisinekleri avlayabilir, ayn\u0131 zamanda bayku\u015f gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lardan saklanabilirler. <\/em><\/p>

Yarasalar yans\u0131malar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ya\u015far. T\u0131pk\u0131 insan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda her nesnenin belirli bir \u015fekli ve rengi olmas\u0131 gibi, yarasalar i\u00e7in her nesne kendi eko-izine sahiptir. Bir yarasa, bir gece kelebe\u011finin incecik kanatlar\u0131ndan yans\u0131yan sesleri dinleyerek onun zehirli mi yoksa lezzetli mi oldu\u011funu ay\u0131rt edebilir. Bir insana, bir kelebe\u011fin yerisi ekolokasyonla belirlemeyi anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, k\u00f6r bir gece kelebe\u011fine bir Caravaggio tablosunu g\u00f6rmenin nas\u0131l bir his oldu\u011funu aktarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak kadar anlams\u0131zd\u0131r.”<\/em><\/p>

<\/p>

Felsefeci\u00a0Thomas Nagel<\/strong>\u00a01974’te yay\u0131nlanan\u00a0“What is it like to be a bat”<\/strong>\u00a0(Yarasa olmak nas\u0131l bir deneyimdir?) isimli \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Sapiens zihninin yarasalar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131layamacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Nagel’e g\u00f6re bilin\u00e7, zihin-beden problemini inat\u00e7\u0131 hale getiren \u015feydir. Son zamanlarda indirgemeci \u00f6fori dalgas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli materyalizm, psikofiziksel tan\u0131mlama veya azaltma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f zihinsel olaylar\u0131n ve zihinsel kavramlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli analizlerini \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Ancak ele al\u0131nan sorunlar, bu t\u00fcr azaltma ve di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerde ortak olanlard\u0131r ve zihin-beden problemini, su-H2O probleminden, Turing Makinas\u0131-IBM probleminden, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m-elektrik de\u015farj probleminden veya gen-DNA probleminden farkl\u0131 olup g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmek suretiyle benzersiz k\u0131lan \u015feydir. Nagel, bilin\u00e7li deneyimin yayg\u0131n bir fenomen oldu\u011funu, hayvan ya\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok seviyesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak daha basit organizmalarda bilincin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve genel olarak buna kan\u0131t sunan ifadeler kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 belirtir. \u0130\u015flevsel veya kas\u0131tl\u0131 durumlar herhangi bir a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 sistem taraf\u0131nda analiz edilemez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar hi\u00e7bir \u015fey ya\u015famamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen insanlar gibi davranan robotlara veya otomatlara atfedilebilir.<\/p>

<\/p>

\"No<\/figure><\/div>

<\/p>

Thomas Nagel<\/strong>\u00a0“Her \u015eey Ne Anlama Geliyor” isimli kitab\u0131nda “Zihninizin i\u00e7inde olanlara dayanarak zihninizin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilemezsiniz” der. Di\u011fer bir s\u00f6z\u00fcnde ise “Bir a\u011fac\u0131n dal\u0131n\u0131 kesti\u011finizde, bunun onun can\u0131n\u0131 ac\u0131tmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l biliyorsunuz” diye sorar. Bilincin do\u011fa i\u00e7in beklenen bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Nagel, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ve bilin\u00e7, etik, politik psikoloji \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>

Nagel fizik\u00e7i de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc zihinsel kavramlar\u0131n i\u00e7sel olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n onlara, \u00f6rne\u011fin kimyada bilimsel bir kimli\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturan bir t\u00fcr gizli \u00f6z\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine inanmaz. Ancak \u015f\u00fcphecili\u011fi mevcut fizikle ilgilidir: en son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, insanlar\u0131n ne fiziksel (insanlar\u0131n \u015fu anda fiziksel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi), ne de fonksiyonel, ne de zihinsel olmayan temel bir \u00f6z\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131nda bilimsel bir at\u0131l\u0131ma yak\u0131n olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. \u00f6yle ki, zihnin bize \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d bu \u00fc\u00e7 yolu da gerektirir. Reddetti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klama ile kabul etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klama aras\u0131ndaki fark, \u015feffafl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r: en eski makalesinden en son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kadar, kimlik beyanlar\u0131n\u0131 makul, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve \u015feffaf hale getirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nceki bir ba\u011flam\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu konusunda \u0131srar etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

<\/p>

<\/p>

Nagel, Griffin, Wynne, Bekoff, Newkirk gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar insanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilen ve bilinci olan tek t\u00fcr oldu\u011fu iddialar\u0131n\u0131n aksi varsay\u0131mlarda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Woshoe isimli \u015fempanzenin i\u015faret dilini \u00f6\u011frenmesi bu konuda ortaya konulan savlardan biridir. Her y\u0131l d\u00fczenlenen ve bilim camias\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ve prestijli toplant\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda Temmuz ay\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen Francis Crick Anma Konferans\u0131’n\u0131n ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 “\u0130nsan ve \u0130nsan-D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Hayvanlarda Bilin\u00e7” olarak se\u00e7ilmi\u015fti.<\/p>

YAZAR : MERT MEHMET \u015eENER<\/strong> (Admin)<\/p>

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>

https:\/\/www.wtamu.edu\/~cbaird\/sq\/2013\/04\/09\/why-are-bats-blind\/<\/a><\/p>

https:\/\/warwick.ac.uk\/fac\/cross_fac\/iatl\/study\/ugmodules\/humananimalstudies\/lectures\/32\/nagel_bat.pdf<\/a><\/p>

https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/216\/7\/ii<\/a><\/p>

https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/331206502_Bats_-_Using_Sound_to_Reveal_Cognition<\/a><\/p>

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bat<\/a><\/p>

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Nagel<\/a><\/p>

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Griffin<\/a><\/p>

Yarasalar: G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcyle Ba\u015fa \u00c7\u0131kmak<\/a><\/blockquote>