{"id":174,"date":"2023-10-24T12:33:22","date_gmt":"2023-10-24T12:33:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/?p=174"},"modified":"2023-10-29T20:12:33","modified_gmt":"2023-10-29T20:12:33","slug":"karmasik-problem-cozme-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/2023\/10\/24\/karmasik-problem-cozme-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"Karma\u015f\u0131k Problem \u00c7\u00f6zme Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Mant\u0131k, m\u00fchendislik, askeri alanlarda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olan, kavramsal psikoloji ve n\u00f6ropsikoloji ile de i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan problem \u00e7\u00f6zme kavram\u0131 bir\u00e7ok alanda bilgi sahibi olunmas\u0131 gereken bir kavramd\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle problem \u00e7\u00f6zmenin ne oldu\u011funa ve hangi becerileri gerektirdi\u011fine bakal\u0131m;<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Problem \u00e7\u00f6zme,<\/strong> \u00e7o\u011fu aktivitenin s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan engelleri a\u015farak bir hedefe ula\u015fma s\u00fcrecidir. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm gerektiren sorunlar, basit ki\u015fisel g\u00f6revlerden (\u00f6rne\u011fin bir cihaz\u0131n nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131) i\u015f ve teknik alanlardaki karma\u015f\u0131k sorunlara kadar uzan\u0131r. Birincisi, bir konuyu ele alan basit problem \u00e7\u00f6zmenin (SPS) bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir, ikincisi ise birbiriyle ili\u015fkili birden fazla engeli olan karma\u015f\u0131k problem \u00e7\u00f6zmenin (CPS) bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p><div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-10-24-at-11.46.38-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-175\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.75;width:347px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Complex decision problems: An integrated strategy for resolution (Radford, 1977)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir durumdan, problemler, problemlerden \u00f6ncelikli bir problem, problemden olas\u0131 nedenler, olas\u0131 nedenlerden en muhtemel neden ve bundan da en do\u011fru aksiyonu bulabiliriz. Radford 1977 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitapta yukar\u0131daki g\u00f6rselde bu \u015fekilde bir \u015fema sunuyor.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Problem \u00e7\u00f6zme<\/em> terimi disipline ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak biraz farkl\u0131 bir anlama sahiptir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, psikolojide zihinsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7, bilgisayar biliminde ise bilgisayarl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir . \u0130ki farkl\u0131 sorun t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r: k\u00f6t\u00fc tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve iyi tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f; her biri i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130yi tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f problemlerin belirli nihai hedefleri ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a beklenen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri vard\u0131r, ancak k\u00f6t\u00fc tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f problemlerin b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi yoktur.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-2-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-2-4.jpg 440w, https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-2-4-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-2-4-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-2-4-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-2-4-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-2-4-320x320.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Mant\u0131k, m\u00fchendislik, askeri alanlarda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olan, kavramsal psikoloji ve n\u00f6ropsikoloji ile de i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan problem \u00e7\u00f6zme kavram\u0131 bir\u00e7ok alanda bilgi sahibi olunmas\u0131 gereken bir kavramd\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle problem \u00e7\u00f6zmenin ne oldu\u011funa ve hangi becerileri gerektirdi\u011fine bakal\u0131m;<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Problem \u00e7\u00f6zme,<\/strong> \u00e7o\u011fu aktivitenin s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan engelleri a\u015farak bir hedefe ula\u015fma s\u00fcrecidir. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm gerektiren sorunlar, basit ki\u015fisel g\u00f6revlerden (\u00f6rne\u011fin bir cihaz\u0131n nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131) i\u015f ve teknik alanlardaki karma\u015f\u0131k sorunlara kadar uzan\u0131r. Birincisi, bir konuyu ele alan basit problem \u00e7\u00f6zmenin (SPS) bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir, ikincisi ise birbiriyle ili\u015fkili birden fazla engeli olan karma\u015f\u0131k problem \u00e7\u00f6zmenin (CPS) bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Problem \u00e7\u00f6zme becerileri, bir problemin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemenize ve etkili bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Problem \u00e7\u00f6zme \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ayr\u0131 bir beceri olarak tan\u0131mlansa da bu yetene\u011fe katk\u0131da bulunan ilgili ba\u015fka beceriler de vard\u0131r.<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Baz\u0131 temel problem \u00e7\u00f6zme becerileri \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir:<\/p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Aktif dinleme<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Analiz<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ara\u015ft\u0131rma<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u0130leti\u015fim<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Karar verme<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ekip olu\u015fturma<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Problem \u00e7\u00f6zme becerilerinizi geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011finiz \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemler vard\u0131r. \u0130ster i\u015f ar\u0131yor olun ister \u015fu anda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor olun, problem \u00e7\u00f6zme becerilerinizi ve ilgili becerilerinizi geli\u015ftirmek, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir aday ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan olman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p><ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Alan\u0131n\u0131zda daha fazla teknik bilgi edinin<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Problem \u00e7\u00f6zme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 aray\u0131n<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Problem prati\u011fi yap\u0131n<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcklerini g\u00f6zlemleyin<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Biraz da karma\u015f\u0131k problem \u00e7\u00f6zme nedir bundan bahsedelim. Literat\u00fcrden karma\u015f\u0131k problem \u00e7\u00f6zme ile ilgili baz\u0131 bilgiler payla\u015facak olursak;<\/p><div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"343\" src=\"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-181\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4577259475218658;width:542px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-3.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving-3-300x206.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Karma\u015f\u0131k Problem \u00c7\u00f6zme Nedir?<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Karma\u015f\u0131k problem \u00e7\u00f6zme, rutin eylemlerle ula\u015f\u0131lamayan k\u00f6t\u00fc tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f hedeflere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in dinamik ortamlarda gerekli olan, kendi kendini d\u00fczenleyen psikolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ve etkinliklerin bir toplam\u0131d\u0131r. Yarat\u0131c\u0131 bilgi kombinasyonlar\u0131na ve geni\u015f bir strateji dizisine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Karma\u015f\u0131k problem \u00e7\u00f6zme, belli bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 durumu ile ama\u00e7lanan hedef durum aras\u0131ndaki engeli azaltmak i\u00e7in bili\u015fsel faaliyetler ve davran\u0131\u015flar yard\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 durumu, ama\u00e7lanan hedef durumu ve engeller karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlayabilir, zaman i\u00e7inde dinamik olarak de\u011fi\u015febilir ve k\u0131smen anla\u015f\u0131lmaz olabilir. Basit sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, karma\u015f\u0131k problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmeye ba\u015flarken ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 durumunun, ama\u00e7lanan hedef durumun ve engellerin tam \u00f6zellikleri bilinmez.<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Karma\u015f\u0131k problem \u00e7\u00f6zme, problemi \u00e7\u00f6zen ki\u015fi ile g\u00f6revin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumsal ko\u015fullar aras\u0131nda verimli etkile\u015fimi bekler. Bu, bili\u015fsel, duygusal ve sosyal kaynaklar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bilginin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir (bkz. Frensch ve Funke 1995).<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">1970&#8217;lerin ortalar\u0131nda <strong><em>&#8220;Lohhausen&#8221;<\/em><\/strong> ile bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma program\u0131n\u0131n ilk ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan bu yana, hem temel hem de uygulamal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda farkl\u0131 boyutlarda ve farkl\u0131 alanlardan (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ekonomi, ekoloji, politika, teknoloji) \u00e7ok say\u0131da senaryo geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde karma\u015f\u0131k problemlerin \u00f6zellikleri \u00f6zetlenecek, ara\u015ft\u0131rmadaki e\u011filimler tan\u0131mlanacak, ampirik sonu\u00e7lar \u00f6rneklenecek ve bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sorunlar\u0131 ve perspektifleri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Karma\u015f\u0131k problemlerin \u00f6zellikleri, basit problemlerin gerekliliklerinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Be\u015f \u00f6zellik geleneksel olarak farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Funke 2003):<\/p><ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>Problem durumunun karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/em><\/strong> Geleneksel olarak karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, verilen sistemin de\u011fi\u015fken say\u0131s\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu \u015f\u00fcphesiz problem zorlu\u011funun tahmininde sadece bir ilk y\u00f6nlendirmedir, ancak ek \u00f6zellikler daha g\u00fcvenilir belirlemelere izin verir. Karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, problem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcden temel \u00f6\u011felere indirgeme yoluyla basitle\u015ftirme gerektirir.<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>\u0130lgili de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131.<\/em><\/strong> Elbette, problemi \u00e7\u00f6zen ki\u015fi \u00fczerindeki i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc i\u00e7in belirleyici olan sadece de\u011fi\u015fken say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil, bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131d\u0131r. Diyelim ki 100 de\u011fi\u015fken i\u00e7eren bir sistemde her de\u011fi\u015fken sadece tam olarak bir di\u011ferine ba\u011fl\u0131ysa, ba\u011flant\u0131, t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fkenlerin birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir sistemden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 anlayabilir yapabilmek i\u00e7in problem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcden bir ba\u011flant\u0131 modeli gereklidir.<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>Durumun dinamikleri.<\/em><\/strong> Bu \u00f6zellik, karma\u015f\u0131k, a\u011f tabanl\u0131 bir sistemde yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalelerin, belki de ama\u00e7lanmadan etkisi olan s\u00fcre\u00e7leri etkinle\u015ftirebilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klar. Benzersiz bir varyasyon, kendi (i\u00e7) dinamik (&#8220;eigen-dinamik&#8221;) dir. Bu, bir\u00e7ok durumda problem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc ve onun\/ onun kararlar\u0131n\u0131 beklemeyen, durumun zaman i\u00e7inde kendili\u011finden de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini belirtir. Dinamik, problem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcden &#8220;zaman&#8221; fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesini gerektirir.<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>\u0130lgili de\u011fi\u015fkenler ve hedef tan\u0131m\u0131 konusundaki opakl\u0131k.<\/em><\/strong> Bir opak durumda, de\u011fi\u015fkenler ve olas\u0131 hedefler hakk\u0131nda gereken t\u00fcm bilgiler verilmemi\u015ftir. Opakl\u0131k, problem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcden bilgi edinmeyi aktif bir \u015fekilde gerektirir.<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>Politeli.<\/em><\/strong> Karma\u015f\u0131k bir durumda hedeflere ula\u015fmak karma\u015f\u0131k olabilir. Genellikle karma\u015f\u0131k bir durumda dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken birden fazla hedef vard\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131t hedeflerden kaynaklanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, uzla\u015fmalar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6nceliklerin belirlenmesini gerektirir.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Karma\u015f\u0131k problemlerle yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, prosed\u00fcrler ve ama\u00e7lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131r:<\/p><ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Deneysel Yakla\u015f\u0131m: &#8220;Senaryolar\u0131n Sistematik Manip\u00fclasyonu.<\/strong>&#8221; Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri, uyar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n (karma\u015f\u0131k sistemler) deneysel manip\u00fclasyonu ve sunum ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n karakteristik bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi, senaryolar\u0131n (veya sistem \u00f6zelliklerinin) sistematik olarak manip\u00fcle edilmesidir: ba\u011flant\u0131 derecesi, eigen-dinamiklerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yoklu\u011fu veya zaman gecikmelerinin derecesi, bilgi edinme (= sistemlerin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131) ve bilgi uygulama (= sistemlerin kontrol\u00fc) \u00fczerinde etkilere sahiptir.<br><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Korelasyonel Yakla\u015f\u0131m: &#8220;Bireyler Aras\u0131ndaki Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Aray\u0131\u015f.<\/strong>&#8221; Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri, bireyler aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak ve ba\u015far\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri aramakt\u0131r. Sistem \u00f6zellikleri, davran\u0131\u015fsal olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n alan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in sabit tutulmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, karma\u015f\u0131k sistemlerdeki bireysel izlekler analiz edilmi\u015f ve test zekas\u0131, ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleri gibi yap\u0131larla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indeed.com\/career-advice\/career-development\/complex-problem-solving\">https:\/\/www.indeed.com\/career-advice\/career-development\/complex-problem-solving<\/a><\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"ember692\">Funke, Joachim. (2012). Complex Problem Solving. 10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_685.<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"ember693\">D\u00f6rner D, Funke J. Complex Problem Solving: What It Is and What It Is Not. Front Psychol. 2017 Jul 11;8:1153. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01153. PMID: 28744242; PMCID: PMC5504467.<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"ember694\">Schoppek, W. (2002). Examples, rules, and strategies in the control of dynamic systems. Cognitive Science Quarterly, 2, 63-92.<\/p><p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"ember695\">Fischer, A. vd. (2012). The Process of Solving Complex Problems. The Journal of Problem Solving, 4(1) Fall 2011<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mant\u0131k, m\u00fchendislik, askeri alanlarda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olan, kavramsal psikoloji ve n\u00f6ropsikoloji ile de i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan problem \u00e7\u00f6zme kavram\u0131 bir\u00e7ok alanda bilgi sahibi olunmas\u0131 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":183,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[81,79,82,78,83,80],"class_list":["post-174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yonetim","tag-complexproblemsolving","tag-cozme","tag-decisionproblems","tag-problem","tag-problemcozme","tag-problemsolving"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Complex-Problem-Solving.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=174"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":200,"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/174\/revisions\/200"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/183"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mertmehmetsener.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}